The ABCDEs of Skin Cancer: A Guide to Self-Examinations

Why Should You Examine Your Skin for Early Signs of Melanoma?

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, affecting about 1 in 5 people in the United States. It typically develops due to damage from ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds. The three most common types of skin cancer are:

• Melanoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Since you are the person most familiar with your own skin, you are in the best position to notice any changes. New moles, changes in freckles, or the appearance of crusty or enlarged spots could be early signs of skin cancer. By performing regular skin self-examinations, you increase your chances of detecting skin cancer early, when it is most treatable.

The ABCDEs of Melanoma

Healthcare professionals recommend using the ABCDEs of skin cancer as a guide when examining moles or other skin irregularities. Each letter represents a key characteristic to watch for:

• A – Asymmetry: One half of a mole does not match the other. Normal moles are typically symmetrical, while cancerous ones may have an uneven shape.
• B – Border: Moles with irregular, jagged, or blurred edges could indicate melanoma.
• C – Color: A mole that has multiple colors or an uneven color distribution (shades of brown, black, red, or even blue) might be a warning sign.
• D – Diameter: Moles larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser) should be examined by a healthcare provider.
• E – Evolving: Any changes in size, shape, color, or texture should be noted. If a mole starts scabbing, itching, or bleeding, seek medical advice immediately.

If you notice any of these signs, consult your healthcare provider for an evaluation.

Understanding the “Ugly Duckling” Sign

If you have many freckles or moles, you may notice that most of them look similar. However, if one mole stands out as significantly different from the rest—it may be larger, crusted, raised, or an unusual color—this could be a warning sign. This is known as the “ugly duckling” sign of melanoma. Any mole that looks different from the surrounding ones should be checked by a healthcare provider.

How to Perform a Skin Self-Examination

Conducting regular skin self-exams is essential for early detection. Follow these steps in a well-lit room with a full-length mirror and a hand mirror:

1. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and examine your entire body, front and back.
2. Raise your arms and inspect both sides of your body.
3. Examine your face, ears, neck, and scalp. Use a blow dryer or ask a barber or hairdresser to check your scalp for unusual spots.
4. Check your hands, including the palms, fingernails, and spaces between your fingers.
5. Inspect your forearms, upper arms, and elbows.
6. Look at the back of your neck and upper back using the hand mirror.
7. Examine your chest and abdomen. If you have breasts, lift them to check underneath.
8. Check your lower back, buttocks, and genital area using the hand mirror.
9. Inspect your legs, the tops and soles of your feet, and the spaces between your toes.
10. Examine the inside of your mouth, including your tongue, lips, and inner cheeks.

During this exam, take note of any new moles, changes in existing moles, or unusual skin markings. Measuring them with a small ruler and taking pictures can help you track changes over time.

How Often Should You Check Your Skin?

Perform a thorough skin self-exam once a month after bathing or showering. This should include every part of your body, from head to toe. Keeping a record of any spots or changes will help you track your skin’s condition over time. If you notice any abnormalities, consult a healthcare provider promptly.

Risks and Benefits of Skin Self-Examinations

There are no risks associated with performing a skin self-exam. The only risk comes from not examining your skin regularly. Early detection is critical because most skin cancers, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, are highly treatable when caught early.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

See a dermatologist or healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:

• Changes in the size, shape, or color of an existing mole.
• A new mole or spot that looks different from the rest.
• A sore that does not heal over time.
• A mole that starts itching, bleeding, or scabbing.

A dermatologist can assess any suspicious areas and recommend further testing or treatment if necessary. If you have a higher risk of melanoma due to personal or family history, your doctor may recommend more frequent screenings.

The Importance of Early Detection

Finding an unusual mole or skin change may be concerning, but the good news is that most skin cancers are treatable if detected early. By learning the ABCDEs of melanoma and performing regular self-examinations, you can take an active role in your skin health. Understanding the warning signs can make a significant difference in catching skin cancer early and seeking timely treatment.